Introduction to the paleobiology, sedimentology, and oceanography of reef ecosystems throughout the geological record as well as the environmental and evolutionary factors that controlled the expansion and collapse of the carbonate ecosystems (and others). Explore ocean chemistry, how organisms biomineralize a skeleton, symbiosis, ecology, mass extinctions, and both current and future threats to reef health. Three lecture hours a week for one semester; required field trip date(s) to be arranged. Geological Sciences 389E and 391 (Topic: Evolution of Reef Ecosystems) may not both be counted. Prerequisite: Graduate standing.