Same as History 306J and Middle Eastern Studies 301L. The responses of the societies of the Middle East and North Africa (Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Israel, and the Arab world) to Western cultural and political challenges, primarily since about 1800. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Only one of the following may be counted: Government 303D, 314 (Topic 3), History 306J, 306N (Topic 5), Middle Eastern Studies 301L.