Topic 1: Islam: Its History and Political Dynamics. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 2: American Cultural History of Alcohol and Drugs. Study of the American use and perception of drugs, including alcohol, and how they have changed over time. Examines significant shifts in American attitudes toward individualism and social control. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 3: The Artist in American Society. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 4: Environmental History of North America. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 5: Gandhi and Gandhism. Explore Gandhi's life, work, philosophy, and influence, as well as his historical and cultural context. Only one of the following may be counted: Asian Studies 346F, 361 (Topic 6), History 350L (Topic 5), Religious Studies 341C. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: ANS 346F, R S 341C Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 6: Black Movements in the Caribbean. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 7: Civil Rights in America. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing and consent of instructor.

Topic 8: Coffee and Slaves. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 9: Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 10: Europe during the Counter-Reformation. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 11: Faith and Society in the Middle Ages. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 12: First Ladies of the Twentieth Century. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 13: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial Latin America. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 14: Lyndon Johnson and His Times. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 15: Medieval Society and the Sexes. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 16: Nazism and German Society. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 17: Nietzsche. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 18: Race and American Law. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 19: Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution in Colonial Spanish America. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic 19), Latin American Studies 366 (Topic: Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution in Colonial Spanish America), 366 (Topic 7). Same as: LAS 366.7 Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 20: Regulating American Business. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 21: United States South in the Nineteenth Century. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 22: Victorian Material Culture. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 23: War in Western Society. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 24: What is Imperialism? Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 26: Nineteenth-Century Western American Art and Photography. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 27: Race Relations: Comparative and Historical Perspective. A global survey of the formation of complex race situations associated with the European expansion and colonization of the non-European world. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 28: Americans in China. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 29: Popular Culture in Preindustrial Europe. The customs, practices, and mental landscape of common people in Europe between 1500 and 1800. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 30: Anglo-Americans and Native Americans. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 31: Children in History. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing and consent of instructor.

Topic 32: The Galileo Affair. Examine the life and work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), particularly his conflict with Church authorities and his condemnation in 1633. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic 32), Religious Studies 356G, 357 (Topic: The Galileo Affair). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 33: Heresy and the Inquisition. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic 33), Religious Studies 357 (Topic 1), 357D. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: R S 357D Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 34: Medieval Islam: Faith and History. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic 34), Middle Eastern Studies 343 (Topic 5), Religious Studies 358 (Topic 2), 358E. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 35: Nigeria: A History of Nation-Building. African and African Diaspora Studies 372G (Topic 2) and History 350L (Topic 35) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 36: Latin American Cities, 1830-1930. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 37: Slavery and Anti-Slavery in the Age of Revolution. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing and consent of instructor.

Topic 38: Slavery and Emancipation in the United States and the British Caribbean. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing and consent of instructor.

Topic 39: Slavery in the United States. African and African American Studies 374 (Topic 21: Slavery in the United States) and History 350L (Topic 39) may not both be counted. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 40: Presidents and the Press. History 350L (Topic 40) and Journalism 352 (Topic 6: Presidents and the Press) may not both be counted. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing and consent of instructor.

Topic 41: Stalinist Russia. History 350L (Topic 41) and Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies 335 (Topic 12) may not both be counted. Same as: REE 335.12 Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 42: History of Modern Central America. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic 42), 363K (Topic: History of Modern Central America), Latin American Studies 366 (Topic 15). Same as: LAS 366.15 Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 43: Coastal Communities in Early America. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 44: Culture and Identity in Colonial Mexico. Same as: LAS 366.16 Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 45: Black Intellectuals in the Post-World War II Era. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Consent of instructor.

Topic 46: Women and Gender in China. Examine women and gender in China from imperial times to the present. Only one of the following may be counted: Asian Studies 372 (Topic 21), 372J, History 350L (Topic 46), Women's and Gender Studies 340 (Topic 18). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 47: Religious Reformation: The Mormon Experience. History 350L (Topic 47) and Religious Studies 361 (Topic: Religious Reformation: The Mormon Experience) may not both be counted. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing and consent of instructor.

Topic 48: Constitutional Issues in the Twentieth-Century United States. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 49: History of Imperialism. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 50: Imperialism: Empire to Globalization. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 51: Myth and Construction of American Identity. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 52: Race and Beauty in American Culture. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 53: History of Black Entrepreneurship in the United States. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 54: Epics and Heroes of India. Focus on India's classical epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with emphasis placed on understanding the epic characters in relation to the heroic traditions of premodern India, as well as on the role of the epics in contemporary Indian political and religious culture. Only one of the following may be counted: Ancient History and Classical Civilization 330 (Topic 2), Asian Studies 372 (Topic 40), 373G, Core Texts and Ideas 345 (Topic 11), 344, History 350L (Topic 54). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: AHC 330.2, ANS 373G, CTI 344 Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 55: History of Sexuality in America. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 56: Germany since Hitler. Analyze the effects of Hitler's dictatorship upon German society, politics, economy and culture. Only one of the following may be counted: Jewish Studies 364 (Topic: Germany Since Hitler), 364 (Topic 12), History 350L (Topic 56). Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 57: Law and Society in Early Modern Europe. Research seminar on how historians have explored the significance of law, criminal and civil, in the lives of early modern Europeans. Topics include infanticide, fornication, drunkenness, theft, debt, slander, and family disputes. Only one of the following may be counted: European Studies 346 (Topic 4), History 350L (Topic 57), 344T, Women's and Gender Studies 340 (Topic 13). Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 58: Women in Postwar America. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 59: Stalin's Russia at War. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic 59), 362G (Topic: Stalin's Russia at War), 366N (Topic: Stalin's Russia at War). Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 60: Animals and American Culture. Explores the role of animals in American history, culture, and society. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 61: Deviance in America: An Alternative History. Partially fulfills legislative requirement for American history. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 62: History of the Caribbean. Overview of Caribbean history from 1492 to the present. Topics include contact between European and native cultures, piracy, slavery, colonialism and decolonization, and revolutions. Same as: LAS 366.18 Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 63: Electrification. An examination of how electrical technologies have changed the workings of the world and the lives of ordinary people over the past 175 years. History 350L (Topic: Electrification) and 350L (Topic 63) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 64: Einstein in the Age of Conflict. Following the life and work of Albert Einstein, course examines the rise of the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics upon the stage of international political upheaval. Only one of the following may be counted: Core Texts and Ideas 370 (Topic: Einstein in the Age of Conflicts), History 350L (Topic: Einstein in the Age of Conflicts), 350L (Topic: 64). Same as: CTI 371 Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 65: The Chinese in Diaspora. Explores narratives of migration, race, ethnicity, and a wide range of experiences of acculturation and assimilation from the perspective of a sending society--China--which has one of the longest and most diverse histories of sending people overseas. Over the last millennia, Chinese have migrated around the world and made homes under a great range of adversity and opportunity, producing many stories of human differences and commonalities. Only one of the following may be counted: Asian American Studies 325 (Topic 2), 325C, Asian Studies 325C, 361 (Topic 28), History 340C, 350L (Topic 65). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 66: Dictatorship, Dirty War, and Democracy in Latin America. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic: Dictator/Dirty War in Latin America), 350L (Topic 66), Latin American Studies 366 (Topic: Dictator/Dirty War in Latin America), 366 (Topic 23). Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 67: Mughal India in History and Memory. Focuses on South Asia during the era of the Mughal empire (1550-1750), continuing through the symbolic relevance of the Mughal dynasty in British India and in India today. Only one of the following may be counted: Asian Studies 346J, 361 (Topic 33), History 350L (Topic 67), Islamic Studies 372 (Topic 20). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: ANS 346J Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 68: Afro-Latin America. Examines the historical experiences of people of African descent in Latin America and the Caribbean beginning in the slavery era, and focuses on the histories of Afro-Latin Americans after emancipation. Only one of the following may be counted: African and African Diaspora Studies 345E, 372G (Topic 10), History 350L (Topic 68), Latin American Studies 366 (Topic 31). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: AFR 345E, LAS 366.31 Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 69: The Decolonization of the British Empire. Explores the era of decolonization of the British empire after World War II. History 350L (Topic 69) and Liberal Arts Honors 350 (Topic 8) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 70: Historical Imagining of Africa in Films. Only one of the following may be counted: African and African Diaspora Studies 340L, 374F (Topic 18), History 350L (Topic 70), Women's and Gender Studies 340 (Topic 40). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: AFR 340L, WGS 340.40 Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 71: Liberalism and the British Empire. Explores the emergence of the political and economic ideas of liberalism in Britain and the evolution of British overseas expansion during the seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and early nineteenth- centuries. History 350L (Topic: Liberalism and the British Empire) and 350L (Topic 71) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 72: History of Southern Africa. Only one of the following may be counted: African and African Diaspora Studies 340O, History 350L (Topic 72), Women's and Gender Studies 340 (Topic 39). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 73: Race, Science, and Racism. Explores important episodes in the history of biology regarding the classification of human races. History 350L (Topic: Race, Science, and Racism) and 350L (Topic 73) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 74: Mystics, Visionaries, and Heretics in Medieval Europe. Examines particular mystical and visionary experiences within the context of medieval European Christianity. Only one of the following may be counted: Ancient History and Classical Civilization 330 (Topic: Mystics, Visionaries and Heretics in Medieval Europe), 330 (Topic 3), History 350L (Topic: Mystics, Visionaries and Heretics in Medieval Europe), 350L (Topic 74), Religious Studies 375S (Topic: Mystics, Visionaries and Heretics in Medieval Europe), 375S (Topic 3). Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 75: Rethinking the Conquest of Mexico. Explores the "conquest" of Mexico and the social, cultural, political, and economic processes which were set in motion by the Spanish invasion of Mexico. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic: Rethinking Conquest of Mexico), 350L (Topic 75), Latin American Studies 366 (Topic: Rethinking Conquest of Mexico), 366 (Topic 24), Tutorial Course 357 (Topic: Rethinking Conquest of Mexico). Same as: LAS 366.24 Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 76: The Religious Tradition in Latin America. Explores the different ways in which religion has helped to define the political, social, and philosophical structures of Latin America from colonial times to the present. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic 76), Latin American Studies 366 (Topic 25), Religious Studies 368 (Topic 3), 368E. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 77: The Spanish Inquisition. Only one of the following may be counted: European Studies 346 (Topic 11), History 350L (Topic 77), Jewish Studies 364 (Topic 5), Religious Studies 357 (Topic 10), 357L. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: EUS 346.11, J S 364.5, R S 357L Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 78: Visual and Material Culture in Colonial Latin America. Focuses on the visual and material culture of colonial Spanish America. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic: Visual and Material Culture in Colonial Latin America), 350L (Topic 78), Latin American Studies 366 (Topic: Visual and Material Culture in Colonial Latin America), 366 (Topic 26). Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 79: World War II in Eastern Europe. Examines the war in Eastern Europe with a particular emphasis on occupation, collaboration, and resistance; the Holocaust; and the connection between ethnic cleansing, population transfer, and the establishment of communism in postwar Eastern Europe. Only one of the following may be counted: European Studies 346 (Topic 12), History 350L (Topic 79), 361I, Jewish Studies 364 (Topic 11), Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies 335 (Topic 19). Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 80: Creation. Explores the writings of premodern authors as related to creation and early developments in western theology, science, and philosophy. Only one of the following may be counted: European Studies 346 (Topic 13), History 350L (Topic 80), Religious Studies 373 (Topic 5), 373F. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 81: Enlightenment and Revolution. Examines the relationship between the intellectual project of the Enlightenment and the political and social transformations that unfolded in western Europe and North America from the beginnings of the Dutch Revolt in the 1560s to the decade following the Paris Commune of 1871. Only one of the following may be counted: Core Texts and Ideas 375 (Topic: Enlightenment and Revolution), 375 (Topic 3), European Studies 346 (Topic: Enlightenment and Revolution), 346 (Topic 14), History 350L (Topic: Enlightenment and Revolution), 350L (Topic 81). Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 82: Indian Ocean Travel and Trade, 1000-1700. Examines long-distance travel and trade in the Indian Ocean region from approximately 1000 to 1700 AD. Only one of the following may be counted: Asian Studies 361 (Topic: Indian Ocean Travel and Trade, 1000-1700), History 350L (Topic: Indian Ocean Travel and Trade, 1000-1700), 350L (Topic 82). Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 83: Writing Violence in History. Examines how historians have approached episodes of violence and will also look outside of the discipline of history to see how psychoanalysts, anthropologists, novelists, and activists have both understood violence and how they represent it in their work. History 350L (Topic: Writing Violence in History) and 350L (Topic 83) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 84: African Travel Narratives. Examines histories of Africa and travel through eyewitness accounts. Studies journeys Africans have made within and from the continent alongside accounts of travelers visiting Africa from elsewhere. Only one of the following may be counted: African and African Diaspora Studies 340J, 372G (Topic: African Travel Narratives), 372G (Topic 9), History 350L (Topic: African Travel Narratives), 350L (Topic 84). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: AFR 340J Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 85: The Cold War in Five Continents. Examination of the Cold War and the ensuing conflicts around the world (1945-1990). History 350L (Topic: The Cold War in Five Continents) and 350L (Topic 85) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 86: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century. Questions the geographical category of Latin America by examining the kinds of trends and forces of the nineteenth century that contributed to its conceptual emergence and to its growing political, economic, and cultural significance on the global stage. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century), 350L (Topic 86), Latin American Studies 366 (Topic: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century), 366 (Topic 32). Same as: LAS 366.32 Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 87: Global Environmental History. Explore how human societies and natural environments have shaped each other in world history. History 350L (Topic: Global Environmental History) and 350L (Topic 87) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 88: Medicine in African History. An exploration of how communities have confronted disease throughout Africa's history. Only one of the following may be counted: African and African Diaspora Studies 340K, 372D (Topic: Medicine in African History), 372D (Topic 3), History 350L (Topic: Medicine in African History), 350L (Topic 88). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: AFR 340K Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 89: Poland and the Second World War. Examines the occupation of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union and the ways in which this dual occupation impacted people and their communities. History 350L (Topic: Poland and the Second World War) and 350L (Topic 89) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 90: Research on the Global Cold War. Engage in original research in international relations during the turbulent era of the Cold War. Focus on one country in Latin America, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, or Asia in order to study the relationship between it and the United States during the administration of President Lyndon Baines Johnson. History 350L (Topic: Research on the Global Cold War) and 350L (Topic 90) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 91: History of Money and Corruption. Investigate how financial crises have arisen in the past and to what extent they transpired because of wrongdoing. History 350L (Topic: Hist of Money/Corruption) and 350L (Topic 91) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 92: Uprising in India-1857. Examine the problems faced with the uprising of 1857 in India, the most violent and widespread attempt ever made to destroy the British empire in South Asia. Only one of the following may be counted: Asian Studies 346I, 361 (Topic: Uprising in India-1857), 361 (Topic 41), History 350L (Topic: Uprising in India-1857), 350L (Topic 92). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 93: Russian and Soviet Film: Uses of History. Explore twentieth-century Russian history through its representation in film. Only one of the following may be counted: History 350L (Topic: Rus/Soviet Film: Uses of Hist), 350L (Topic 93), Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies 335 (Topic: Rus/Soviet Film: Uses of Hist), 335 (Topic 28). Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 94: Women and Wealth in South Asia. Addresses the questions surrounding poverty of South Asian women by combining legal, political and social histories of the subcontinent over four centuries. Only one of the following may be counted: Asian Studies 372 (Topic: Women and Wealth in South Asia), 372 (Topic 47), 372Q, History 350L (Topic: Women and Wealth in South Asia), 350L (Topic 94), Women's and Gender Studies 340 (Topic: Women and Wealth in South Asia), 340 (Topic 68). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 95: Radical Hope and Global Environmental History. Explore the meaning of "radical hope" and how it is related to the environment, climate change, or the Anthropocene. History 350L (Topic: Radical Hope and Global Enviro) and 350L (Topic 95) may not both be counted. Core Curriculum: 010

Topic 96: Africa and Indian Ocean World. Explore the connected histories of the geographical regions and economic communities that share the littoral space of the Indian Ocean. Only one of the following may be counted: African and African Diaspora Studies 352L, 374C (Topic: Africa/Indian Ocean World), Asian Studies 361 (Topic: Africa/Indian Ocean World), 361P, History 350L (Topic: Africa/Indian Ocean World), 350L (Topic 96). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: AFR 352L, ANS 361P Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 97: Global Commodities: Asia and the World. Explore the vital role of commodities in Asian history with a particular focus on East and Southeast Asia. Only one of the following may be counted: Asian Studies 361 (Topic: Global Commodities: Asia and T), 361L, History 350L (Topic: Global Commodities: Asia and T), 350L (Topic 97). Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Same as: ANS 361L Core Curriculum: 010 Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing.

Topic 98: The Partition of India in History and Literature. Examine the causes and effects of the partition of British India in 1947 into the nation-states of India and Pakistan. Only one of the following may be counted: Asian Studies 361 (Topic: Partition of India Hist/Lit), 379 (Topic 15), History 350L (Topic: Partition of India Hist/Lit), 350L (Topic 98), Islamic Studies 372 (Topic: Partition of India Hist/Lit). Additional prerequisite: For Asian studies majors, twelve semester hours of upper-division coursework in Asian studies; for others, upper-division standing.