Explore Northern Europe's transition from medieval to Early Modern in and through the northern Renaissance. Examine humanist culture and its many tensions with the Church, technological breakthroughs and their social and economic consequences, the connections between the discovery of new lands and the recovery of ancient learning, and the formation of the early modern state. Only one of the following may be counted: German, Scandinavian, and Dutch Studies 362R, History 344Q, and Religious Studies 356J. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.